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Garbled text equally a result of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake ( 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the issue of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[ane] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system.

This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin can too involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the aforementioned binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a unlike issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code indicate displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct fault treatment by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance between these, information technology can exist achieved past manipulating the data itself, or only relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text information that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not fifty-fifty exist tagged at all, simply moved betwixt computers with different default encodings. A major source of problem are communication protocols that rely on settings on each estimator rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.

The differing default settings between computers are in office due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating arrangement families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-xvi, and sometimes uses 8-bit code pages for text files in different languages.^{[ dubious – hash out ]}

For some writing systems, an example existence Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively oftentimes. As a Japanese example, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The aforementioned text stored equally UTF-8 is displayed equally "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted equally Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-viii text appears as "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-one encodings, unremarkably labelled Western, or (for example) every bit "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland China) locale.

Mojibake example

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-i encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is non specified, it is up to the software to make up one's mind it by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are decumbent to mis-prediction in not-so-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is afflicted past locale setting, which depends on the user's linguistic communication, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a figurer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the aforementioned organization. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte order mark, only for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding every bit metadata in the file system. File systems that back up extended file attributes can store this every bit user.charset.^[3] This also requires back up in software that wants to have advantage of information technology, just does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are difficult to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may non exist able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and some other in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is non assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent forth with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; come across character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For instance, the Eudora email customer for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-ane that were in reality Windows-1252.^[iv] The Mac Bone version of Eudora did non exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most ofttimes seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were non displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this particularly afflicted software running nether other operating systems such as Unix.

Human ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in utilize, many are partially uniform with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:

• Compatibility can be a deceptive property, as the mutual subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of 2 encodings (see Problems in unlike writing systems).
• People recollect they are using ASCII, and tend to label any superset of ASCII they actually use every bit "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, only even in academic literature, the discussion "ASCII" tin can be found used as an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where manifestly "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.^[1] Notation that UTF-eight is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When at that place are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on dissimilar data, the least certain data may be misleading to the recipient. For instance, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The graphic symbol fix may be communicated to the client in any number of iii ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information can exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off deejay) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, as an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the detail file in.
• in the file, as a byte order marking. This is the encoding that the author'due south editor actually saved it in. Unless an adventitious encoding conversion has happened (by opening information technology in 1 encoding and saving information technology in another), this will exist correct. It is, however, just available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-viii or UTF-sixteen.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support but one character prepare and the grapheme set typically cannot exist contradistinct. The grapheme tabular array contained within the brandish firmware will exist localized to have characters for the state the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from country to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organisation from a unlike land. Likewise, many early operating systems practice not back up multiple encoding formats and thus volition end upward displaying mojibake if made to brandish non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for case, are localized on a per-country basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the land the localized version volition be sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to back up is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-viii every bit a default encoding may accomplish a greater caste of interoperability considering of its widespread utilize and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-viii also has the ability to be straight recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avert mixing UTF-8 upwards with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application inside which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and discussion processors. Modern browsers and word processors ofttimes support a wide assortment of character encodings. Browsers often permit a user to modify their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while discussion processors allow the user to select the advisable encoding when opening a file. Information technology may accept some trial and fault for users to observe the correct encoding.

The problem gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such every bit in a non-Unicode calculator game. In this case, the user must change the operating system's encoding settings to match that of the game. However, changing the system-wide encoding settings can also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later on, a user likewise has the option to apply Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-awarding locale settings. Fifty-fifty and then, changing the operating organisation encoding settings is non possible on earlier operating systems such every bit Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use tertiary political party font rendering applications.

Problems in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English language texts mostly occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), simply rarely in character text, since virtually encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English language alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear as "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 simply interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this tin lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text. Commodore brand 8-scrap computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the instance of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does non match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the Northward Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their majuscule counterparts, if applicable.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (besides known as Latin ane or Western) has been in use. All the same, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly contradistinct ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise whatever confusion of these three graphic symbol sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is ever rubber to translate ISO-8859-i as Windows-1252, and fairly condom to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in item with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in sure scenarios, eastward.g. exchange of text files betwixt UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-eight'southward incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the power to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-eight up with other encodings, then this was about mutual when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Well-nigh of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating arrangement version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not uniform however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is normally obvious when one character gets corrupted, due east.g. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This manner, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, virtually all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other paw, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("nuptials nighttime") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (east.thou. hääyö appears equally "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and eight mayhap confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make it more than difficult to judge corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become almost entirely unintelligible when rendered equally "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("alphabetic character salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either past omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard do in German language when umlauts are not bachelor. The latter practice seems to exist better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-eight misinterpreted as ISO-8859-one, "Ring one thousand thousand nÃ¥" (" Band million nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Kingdom of norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Consequence
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-1	Sm"rg†s
ISO 8859-i	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-one	Smörgås
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also exist affected. Considering most computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to tardily-1980s, there were different grapheme encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), oftentimes also varying by operating organization.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is some other affected language, which uses the 26 basic English language characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 graphic symbol prepare), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These two characters can exist correctly encoded in Latin-two, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Earlier Unicode became mutual in electronic mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text oft had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. Information technology is common to reply to an east-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) past character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian instance		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in red are incorrect and do not match the pinnacle-left example.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Central European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Delight note that modest-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-ii	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains adequately well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but present it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Simply ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, simply the text is completely readable. This is the well-nigh mutual error nowadays; due to ignorance, information technology occurs often on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ Tš1000™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘k‚p	Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËThou╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable	vii-bit ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F31000=E9p	Mainly acquired by wrongly configured postal service servers simply may occur in SMS messages on some prison cell-phones besides.
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœThousandÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúrógép	Mainly acquired by wrongly configured spider web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (every bit the trouble remains concealed for English texts). In this case the actual (oftentimes generated) content is in UTF-eight; nonetheless, it is non configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-two in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Shine characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.

The state of affairs began to improve when, after pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-two succeeded as the "Internet standard" with express support of the ascendant vendors' software (today largely replaced past Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the diversity of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smoothen diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "piddling shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may be colloquially chosen krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated past several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[6] The Soviet Marriage and early Russian Federation adult KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Data Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only seven-chip KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came 8-chip KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters but with high-bit fix octets respective to vii-bit codes from KOI7. Information technology is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth flake, which was considered equally a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the high bit stripping process, end up rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the W, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian also equally Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Lawmaking Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, it was necessary to friction match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific advent varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists by and large of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the Www, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, ane can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated 1.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[seven]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source,^[viii] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), significant "trash". Unlike the onetime USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the ascendant Cyrillic encoding at that place before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example

Russian example:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-i	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croation, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (but č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, as well). All of these letters are defined in Latin-two and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) be in the usual Bone-default Windows-1252, and are in that location because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake tin can occur with whatever of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more than decumbent to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is ofttimes displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When bars to basic ASCII (most user names, for case), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, and then reconstructing the original from such a grade is commonly done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English language versions of the Windows operating organisation are well-nigh widespread, not localized ones.^{[ commendation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused past high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many bug. There are many unlike localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the stop, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "figurer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may non understand what some option in a menu is supposed to practice based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who empathize English language, as well equally those who are accustomed to English language terminology (who are near, because English terminology is also by and large taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the trouble is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows let the code page to exist changed (older versions require special English language versions with this support), but this setting can be and often was incorrectly set. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set to most non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but just at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete graphic symbol encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used considering of a lack of support in the computer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not back up it.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another blazon of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as 1 of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than one (typically ii) characters are corrupted at once, due east.k. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the to a higher place mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for brusk words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake likewise seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal 3, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a blueprint of detail word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã tin can occur when the calculator is trying to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile telephone.

Vietnamese example:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Result
Windows-1258	UTF-eight	Trăm năm trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-8	Tr¨thou northward¨yard trong câi ng­êi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-8	Traêk northwardaêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the same miracle is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular problem in Nippon due to the numerous different encodings that be for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings similar UTF-viii and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well as being encountered past Japanese users, is as well often encountered past non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese marketplace.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same miracle is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , significant 'chaotic lawmaking'), and tin occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is ofttimes possible to set the issue past switching the character encoding without loss of data. The state of affairs is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in utilise, the about common ones existence: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters beingness encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Result	Original text	Annotation
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original pregnant. The red character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed equally characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical utilize in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces betwixt every several characters.

An additional problem is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are all the same used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and vocalizer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[9]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in diverse means, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A like effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Due south Asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character prepare employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood past a calculator missing the advisable software, even if the glyphs for the private letter forms are available.

Ane example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to comport the Devanagari graphic symbol for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" grapheme followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable equally mojibake generated past a computer not configured to brandish Indic text.^[10] The logo as redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Apparently Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from Os to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some messages (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plainly letter. However, it is wrong to go on meridian of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modernistic languages, such equally कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on top of these messages. By contrast, for similar sounds in mod languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on top, such as the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stalk class of the mutual give-and-take करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marä thi language.^[11] But it happens in near operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] All the same, various sites have made free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[13] and the late inflow of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early on Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.^[fifteen] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented every bit specified in Unicode, but others were not.^[sixteen] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such every bit Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant organization fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[xiv]

Due to these advert hoc encodings, communications betwixt users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render equally garbled text. To become around this issue, content producers would brand posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[18] Myanmar regime has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[13] The total transition is estimated to take two years.^[19]

African languages [edit]

In sure writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Republic of malaŵi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa nowadays similar problems, such as the Due north'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Standard arabic [edit]

Another affected language is Arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Consequence
Arabic example:		(Universal Annunciation of Human Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-viii	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-5	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-two	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do not have UTF-8 as browser setting, because UTF-8 is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and not endeavor to interpret something else as UTF-8.

See besides [edit]

• Code point
• Replacement graphic symbol
• Substitute grapheme
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ betwixt Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the deviation (e.yard. version control systems and data comparison tools) can get substantially more hard to utilize if not adhering to i convention.
• Byte order marking – The nearly in-ring fashion to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by design exist perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for certain characters to escape interpretation as markup.

  While failure to utilise this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and so on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Rex, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode presently exist the universal lawmaking? [The Information]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): threescore. doi:ten.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "scroll -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved v October 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora e-mail client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-xi-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June eighteen, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-eight.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-ten-01. Conversion map between Lawmaking page 936 and Unicode. Demand manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar'southward digital world". The Nihon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. Oct. 1 is "U-Twenty-four hour period", when Myanmar officially will prefer the new system.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, simply Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Boxing of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack two, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, Bit, and afterward Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering trouble by calculation extra lawmaking points that were reserved for Myanmar'south indigenous languages. Not only does the re-mapping foreclose future ethnic language support, it also results in a typing arrangement that can be confusing and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two almost pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (seven September 2019). "Unified under i font system equally Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve natural language processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Projection . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Oftentimes Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "UTF-viii" technically does not utilise to advertisement hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'south path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. Information technology makes advice on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In lodge to amend reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English language or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

tillerfroustee.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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